Análisis del tratamiento informativo sobre drogas en el diario Tumbes21

Oscar Calixto La Rosa Feijoo; Anais Lisbeth Boyer Gamboa; Karl Vladimir Mena Farfán; Wilfredo Barrientos Farias

doi:10.35319/puntocero.202551419

Authors

Oscar Calixto La Rosa Feijoo Universidad Nacional de Tumbes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-1003
Anais Lisbeth Boyer Gamboa Universidad Nacional de Tumbes https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2663-7765
Karl Vladimir Mena Farfán Universidad Nacional de Tumbes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-5300
Wilfredo Barrientos Farias Universidad Nacional de Tumbes https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7155-9408

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35319/puntocero.202551419

Keywords:

Public Perception, Media Coverage, Stigmatization, Security and Crime, Socioeconomic Causes

Abstract

This study critically analyzes the media coverage of drugs in the newspaper Tumbes21, a print and digital publication in the border region of Tumbes, Peru, highlighting its influence on public perception and local policies. A non-experimental, cross-sectional and longitudinal design was used, with a qualitative-descriptive approach. Sixty-six news articles published between January and June 2022 were analyzed using hermeneutic and analytical-synthetic methods. The results reveal primarily news reports on current events related to drug trafficking seizures and arrests. Linguistic analysis identified the use of formal and technical language, sometimes stigmatizing, which perpetuates negative stereotypes. The absence of interpretive journalistic genres (reports or chronicles) limits a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Most of the sources of information are local authorities and officials, with a notable lack of testimonies from people affected by drugs or from civil society organizations. Furthermore, there is a lack of articles addressing the socioeconomic causes of drug use. It is concluded that Tumbes21 could benefit from diversifying its sources and perspectives, as well as using more inclusive and less stigmatizing language. This would contribute to more balanced and constructive coverage, improving public understanding and fostering more effective and humane drug policies.

Author Biographies

Oscar Calixto La Rosa Feijoo, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes

Peruvian. Holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Physical Education. Associate professor at the National University of Tumbes, with a Ph.D. in Education and postdoctoral studies at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Anais Lisbeth Boyer Gamboa, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes

Peruvian. Holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Communication Sciences.

Karl Vladimir Mena Farfán, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes

Peruvian. Holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Public Relations. Assistant professor at the National University of Tumbes, with a Ph.D. in Social Communication. Head of the Department of the School of Communication Sciences at the National University of Tumbes.

Wilfredo Barrientos Farias, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes

Peruvian. Holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Communication Sciences. Assistant professor at the National University of Tumbes, with a Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. President of the Journalists’ Association of Tumbes.

References

Akgun, S., & Greenhow, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7

Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.

Andreas, P. (2009). Border games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico divide (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press.

Ashford, R. D., Brown, A. M., Brown, T., Callis, J., Cleveland, H. H., Eisenhart, E., … Curtis, B. (2018). Defining and operationalizing the phenomena of recovery: A working definition from the Recovery Science Research Collaborative. Addiction Research & Theory, 27(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1515352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1515352

Astorga, L. (2005). El siglo de las drogas: El narcotráfico, del Porfiriato al nuevo milenio. Plaza y Janés.

Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K., … Strang, J. (2010). Drug policy and the public good. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.001.0001

Beckett, K., & Sasson, T. (2004). The politics of injustice: Crime and punishment in America (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229614

Best, D., Beswick, T., Hodgkins, S., & Idle, M. (2016). Recovery, ambitions, and aspirations: An exploratory project to build a recovery community by generating a skilled recovery workforce. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2016.1113105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2016.1113105

Blood, R., Williams, J., & McCallum, K. (2003). Representaciones del riesgo público: Drogas ilegales en la prensa australiana. Media International Australia, 108, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310800110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310800110

Bonilla, J. I., & Tamayo, C. (2007). Las violencias en los medios, los medios en las violencias. CINEP/Programa por la Paz.

Boukes, M., Jones, N., & Vliegenthart, R. (2020). Newsworthiness and news prominence: How the presence of news factors relates to news position and length. Journalism, 23, 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919899313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919899313

Boukes, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2020). A general pattern in economic newsworthiness? Analyzing news factors in popular, quality, regional and financial newspapers. Journalism, 21, 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917725989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917725989

Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans.). Harvard University Press.

Boyd, S. C. (2008). Hooked: Drug war films in Britain, Canada, and the United States. Routledge.

Brownstein, H. H. (1996). The rise and fall of a violent crime wave: Crack cocaine and the social construction of a crime problem. Criminal Justice Press.

Broyles, L. M., Binswanger, I. A., Jenkins, J. A., Finnell, D. S., Faseru, B., Cavaiola, A., … Gordon, A. J. (2014). Confronting inadvertent stigma and pejorative language in addiction scholarship: A recognition and response. Substance Abuse, 35(3), 217–221.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.930372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.930372

Cohen, A., Vakharia, S., Netherland, J., & Frederique, K. (2022). How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system. Annals of Medicine, 54, 2024–2038. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926

Cohen, S. (2002). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Corrigan, P. W., Schomerus, G., Shuman, V., Kraus, D., Perlick, D., Harnish, A., … Smelson, D. (2017). Developing a research agenda for reducing the stigma of addictions, part II: Lessons from the mental health stigma literature. The American Journal on Addictions, 26(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12436

Critcher, C. (2003). Moral panics and the media. Open University Press.

Cruz González-Mélendez, R., Sánchez-Rodríguez, M., & Robles-López, F. (2023). Validez y confiabilidad de un instrumento para evaluación de la microenseñanza en ciencias químico biológicas. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 17(2), e1581. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2023.1581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2023.1581

Csete, J., Kamarulzaman, A., Kazatchkine, M., Altice, F., Balicki, M., Buxton, J., … Beyrer, C. (2016). Public health and international drug policy. The Lancet, 387(10026), 1427–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00619-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00619-X

Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x

Epele, M. (2010). Sujetar por la herida: Una etnografía sobre drogas, pobreza y salud. Paidós.

FLACSO. (2020). Prensa, opinión pública y la percepción ciudadana sobre el tráfico ilícito de drogas. Grafos.

Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Pantheon Books.

Fraser, S., & Moore, D. (Eds.). (2011). The drug effect: Health, crime and society. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139162142

Global Commission on Drug Policy. (2011). War on drugs: Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy. https://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/reports/the-war-on-drugs

Gunn, A. J., & Canada, K. E. (2015). Intragroup stigma: Examining peer relationships among women in addiction recovery. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 22(3), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1021241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1021241

Gusfield, J. R. (1981). The culture of public problems: Drinking-driving and the symbolic order. University of Chicago Press.

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069

Heravi, B., Cassidy, K., Davis, E., & Harrower, N. (2021). Preserving data journalism: A systematic literature review. Journalism Practice, 16, 2083–2105. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1903972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1903972

Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. Pantheon Books.

Hughes, C. E., & Stevens, A. (2010). What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs? British Journal of Criminology, 50(6), 999–1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq038

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226388533.001.0001

Kelly, J. F., & Westerhoff, C. M. (2010). Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.10.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.10.010

Lancaster, K., Hughes, C., Spicer, B., Matthew-Simmons, F., & Dillon, P. (2011). Illicit drugs and the media: Media effects models for research on drug policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(4), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00239.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00239.x

Lewis, S. (2020). Objects and objectives of journalism research during and after the coronavirus pandemic. Digital Journalism, 8, 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773292

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363

Manning, P. K. (2001). News and news sources: A critical introduction. Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218082

Martini, S., & Luchessi, L. (2004). Los que hacen la noticia: Periodismo, información y poder. Biblos.

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/267990

McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6th ed.). Sage Publications.

Meger, S., & Sachseder, J. (2020). Militarized peace: Understanding postconflict violence after the peace agreement in Colombia. Globalizations, 17, 953–973. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1712765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1712765

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2017). WHO guidelines on ethical issues in public health surveillance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512657

Orsini, M. (2017). Framing drug narratives in online news coverage. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44, 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450917722817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450917722817

Palamar, J., & Strain, E. (2020). News and social media coverage are associated with increased downloads and citations of manuscripts focused on substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108357

Reinarman, C., & Levine, H. G. (Eds.). (1997). Crack in America: Demon drugs and social justice. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520916913

Rhodes, T. (2009). Risk environments and drug harms: Towards a social science for harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(3), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003

Rodríguez Jiménez, A., & Pérez Jacinto, A. O. (2017). Métodos científicos de indagación y de construcción del conocimiento. Revista Escuela de Administración de Negocios, 82, 175–195. https://doi.org/10.21158/01208160.n82.2017.1647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21158/01208160.n82.2017.1647

Romer, D., Jamieson, K. H., & Aday, S. (2003). Television news and the cultivation of fear of crime. Journal of Communication, 53(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03007.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03007.x

Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434

Sánchez Flores, F. A. (2019). Fundamentos epistémicos de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa: Consensos y disensos. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 13(1), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2019.644 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2019.644

Schlesinger, P., & Tumber, H. (1994). Reporting crime: The media politics of criminal justice. Clarendon Press.

Singh, D., Webb, M., Griffin, O., Griffin, V., & Narayanan, S. (2021). Media coverage of drugs in Malaysian news media. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16, 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-021-09344-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-021-09344-5

Soriano, C., David, C., & Atun, J. (2019). Crystallising the official narrative: News discourses about the killings from the Philippine government’s campaign against illegal drugs. Journalism, 22, 2386–2403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919867820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919867820

Stevens, A. (2011). Drugs, crime and public health: The political economy of drug policy. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844168

Stevens, A. (2021). The politics of being an “expert”: A critical realist autoethnography of UK drug policy advisory panels. Qualitative Criminal Justice and Criminology. https://doi.org/10.21428/88de04a1.a536a85b DOI: https://doi.org/10.21428/88de04a1.a536a85b

Terkildsen, N., & Schnell, F. (1997). How media frames move public opinion: An analysis of the women's movement. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 879–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000408

Treloar, C., Rance, J., & Backmund, M. (2007). Understanding barriers to hepatitis C virus care and stigmatization: A social perspective. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(8), 1051–1052. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir248

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). Drogas y comunicación: Manual para periodistas. UNODC.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2021). World drug report 2021. United Nations.

Urday-Concha, F., Gonzáles-Vera, C., Suca Peñalva, L. J., Pantigoso Bustamante, E. L., Sánchez Cruz, S. H., & Pinto-Oppe, L. (2019). Percepción de riesgos y consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería (Arequipa, Perú). Enfermería Actual de Costa Rica, 36, 19–35. https://doi.org/10.15517/revenf.v0i36.33416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/revenf.v0i36.33416

Villarreal Valera, J. A., Rosales Almarales, Y., & Rivera Ríos, A. R. (2018). La perspectiva hermenéutica y el sentido de la comunicación en el contexto de la sociocultura. Anagramas, 16(32), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v16n32a5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v16n32a5

Vizcarra, S., Bonilla, D., & Prado, B. (2020). Respuestas del Estado peruano frente al crimen organizado en el siglo XXI. Revista CS, 31, 109–138. https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i31.3710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i31.3710

Wallack, L., & Dorfman, L. (1996). Media advocacy: A strategy for advancing policy and promoting health. Health Education Quarterly, 23(3), 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819602300303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819602300303

Wild, T., Koziel, J., Anderson-Baron, J., Hathaway, J., McCurdy, A., Xu, X., … Hyshka, E. (2019). Media coverage of harm reduction, 2000–2016: Tone, topics, and interventions in Canadian print news. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107599